甘薯胚胎及果实发育的研究

本文研究甘薯的胚胎发育及果实的形成。授粉后10—30分钟花粉粒在柱头上萌发,2小时花粉管抵达珠孔,5—12小时左右完成双受精。授粉后12小时胚乳核开始第一次有丝分裂;15小时合子开始第一次有丝分裂,18小时形成顶细胞和基细胞;尔后分化成原胚,球形胚,心形胚,鱼雷形胚,成熟胚。在适宜温度下21天左右胚胎发育完成。果为蒴果,其内含有1—4粒种子。授粉后3—4天子房开始膨大形成果实,21—30天蒴果与种子成熟。     

Patch clamping corn protoplasts

Summary Cell wall regeneration around protoplasts from Black Mexican Sweet corn suspension cells has been observed using scanning electron microscopy. A coherent array of cellulose microfibrils can be seen around protoplasts two hours after they have been isolated. This array does not form in the presence of 15 mg/l Congo Red. The frequency and electrical resistance of seals made between patch clamp pipettes and the plasmalemma around corn protoplasts is not significantly affected by the presence or absence of these fibrils (p₀=0.75); it remains relatively low. Some single channel records from BMS corn protoplasts are shown.     

Cytological analysis of tetraploid hybrids between sweet potato and diploid Ipomoea trifida (H. B. K.) Don.

Summary Tetraploid F₁ hybrids between Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato (2n = 6x = ca. 90), and diploid (2n = 2x = 30) I. trifida (H. B. K.) Don. showed various degrees of fertility reduction. The present study aimed to clarify its causes by cytological analysis of meiotic chromosome behavior in the diploid and sweet potato parents and their tetraploid hybrids. The diploid parents showed exclusively 15 bivalents, and the sweet potato parents exhibited almost perfect chromosome pairing along with predominant multivalent formation. Their hybrids (2n = 4x= 57–63) formed 2.6–5.0 quadrivalents per cell, supporting the autotetraploid nature. The meiotic aberratios of the hybrids were characterized by the formation of univalents, micronuclei, and abnormal sporads (monad, dyad, triad, and polyad). The causes underlying these aberrations were attributed in part to the multivalent formation, and in part to a disturbance in the spindle function. Three hybrids showing serious meiotic aberrations were very low in fertility. The utilization of the sweet potato-diploid I. trifida hybrids for sweet potato improvement is described and, further, the role of interploidy hybridization in the study of the sweet potato evolution is discussed.     

The inheritance of β-amylase null in storage roots of sweet potato,Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

Summary Several sweet potato genotypes were found to lack completely or to have only traces of-amylase in their storage roots. Such genotypes do not increase in sweetness during cooking because, without a sufficient amount of-amylase, the normal hydrolysis of starch to maltose does not occur in the cooking process. In order to study the inheritance of this biochemical variant in the genotype, 41 families were generated. The following conclusions were drawn from analyzing these families. (1) This trait is controlled by one recessive allele (designated-amy) (2) It is inherited in a hexasomic or tetradisomic manner, but not disomically or tetrasomically. This conclusion supports previous cytological data that sweet potato is an autohexaploid or has two identical genomes plus one genome which is somewhat different. (3) The-amy allele appears to exist at a high frequency in cultivated germplasm. (4) Breeding sweet potato for low-amylase activity is relatively easy. New types of sweet potato without normal-amylase activity have great potential for processing and as a staple food.     

Interpretation of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker data for fingerprinting sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) genotypes

In this paper we present a method for the generation of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for sweet potato. These were applied to produce genetic fingerprints of six clonal cultivars and to estimate genetic distances between these cultivars. The level of polymorphism within the species was extremely high. From the 36-decamer random primers used, 170 fragments were amplified, of which 132 (77.6%) were polymorphic. Ten primers resulted in no detected amplification. Of the remaining 26 primers for which amplification was achieved, only one did not reveal polymorphism. Six primers used alone enabled the discrimination of all six genotypes. Pattern analysis, which employed both a classification and ordination method, enabled the grouping of cultivars and the identification of primers which gave greatest discrimination among the cultivars.     

高效价甘薯羽状斑驳病毒抗血清的制备

用嫁接方法将甘薯羽状斑驳病毒（ＳＰＦＭＶ）接种到Ｉ．ｓｅｔｏｓａ上扩繁,以０．２ｍｏｌ／ＬｐＨ７．２ＰＢＫ缓冲液、垫层差速离心、蔗糖密度梯度离心提取纯化ＳＰＦＭＶ。纯化的ＳＰＦＭＶＯＤ２６０／２８０的比值为１．２５。将纯化的ＳＰＦＭＶ免疫家兔制备抗血清,在环状沉淀和微量沉淀试验中,用提纯病毒测定抗血清的效价均为１：４０９６;以ＳＰＦＭＶ－ＩｇＧ为第一抗体,应用Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ对甘薯和Ｉ．ｓｅｌｏｓａ叶片中的ＳＰＦＭＶ分别作了测定。     

Leptocephalus eel larvae will feed in aquaria

Synopsis Premetamorphosing larvae of Muraenesox cinereus (Muraenesocidae) and Conger myriaster (Congridae), caught and kept alive in aquaria, repeatedly bit pieces out of a lump of squid paste. By coloring the paste with Brilliant Red, ingestion and defecation were clearly seen through the transparent gut. The paste is not their natural food, but nevertheless a possible food item for rearing eels from eggs; most previous efforts have failed inasmuch as the larvae have starved.     

Seasonal dynamics of the association between sweet potato and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

To better understand the behavior of selected vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) isolates in the field, we documented the growth of roots, root hairs, and VAM colonization of inoculated and noninoculated sweet potato plants (Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam. cv White Star) over a growing season. We also determined the seasonal dynamics of P and Zn uptake, and shoot and storage-root growth. Shoot cuttings were inoculated with an isolate of either Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerdemann or Acaulospora rugosa Mortan, or were not inoculated, and were harvested 2, 4, 8, 13, 20, and 27 weeks after planting (WAP). At each harvest, roots were sampled at 0 to 30, 30 to 60, and 60 to 90 cm depths and at 0, 23, 83, and 116 cm from the base of the shoot. At the end of the study, the roots of three non-inoculated plants were sampled by soil horizon. Inoculation had no affect on shoot growth or total shoot uptake of P and Zn; shoot dry mass and P and Z content increased rapidly up to 20 WAP, while shoot length continued to increase through 27 WAP. Shoot-P concentration of plants inoculated with A. rugosa at 2 and 8 WAP were higher than the noninoculated plants, while shoot-Zn concentration was not affected by inoculation. Storage-root yields of inoculated plants were higher than yields for noninoculated plants. Root length density, and percentage of root length with root hairs and VAM colonization were highest and most dynamic near the base of the plant. Percentage of root length colonization by VAM fungi was highest in the E2 horizon, intermediate in the Bh horizon, and lowest in the Ap horizon. Percentage of root length with root hairs had the opposite pattern. Intensive measurements of root characteristics close to the base of the plant, and shoot P-content and concentration during the period of rapid yield production, provided the most useful data for evaluating the activity of effective isolates.Published as Florida Agricultural Experimental Station Journal Series No. R-02576     

RFLP mapping of the sugary enhancer1 gene in maize

RFLP marker data from an F₂₃ population derived from a cross between a sugary1 (su1) and a sugary enhancer1 (su1, sel) inbred were used to construct a genetic linkage map of maize. This map includes 93 segregating marker loci distributed throughout the maize genome, providing a saturated linkage map that is suitable for linkage analysis with quantitative trait loci (QTL). This population, which has been immortalized in the form of sibbed F₂₃ families, was derived from each of the 214 F₂ plants and along with probe data are available to the scientific community. QTL analysis for kernel sucrose (the primary form of sugar) concentration at 20 days after pollination (DAP) uncovered the segregation of seven major QTL influencing sucrose concentration; a locus linked to umc36a described the greatest proportion of the variation (24.7%). Since maltose concentration has previously been reported to be associated with the se1 phenotype, an analysis of probe associations with maltose concentration at 40 DAP was also conducted. The highly significant association of umc36a with maltose and sucrose concentrations provided evidence that this probe is linked to se1. Phenotypic evaluation for the se1 genotype in each F₂₃ family enabled us to map the gene 12.1 cM distal to umc36a. In contrast to previous work where se1 was reported to be located on chromosome four, our data strongly suggest that the sugary enhancer1 locus maps on the the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 2 in the maize genome.     

Optimization of the immobilization of sweet potato amylase using glutaraldehyde-agarose support. Characterization of the immobilized enzyme

A simplified procedure for the preparation of immobilized beta-amylase using non-purified extract from fresh sweet potato tubers is established in this paper, using differently activated agarose supports. Beta-amylase glutaraldehyde derivative was the preparation with best features, presenting improved temperature and pH stability and activity. The possibility of reusing the amylase was also shown, when this immobilized enzyme was fully active for five cycles of use. However, immobilization decreased enzyme activity to around 15%. This seems to be mainly due to diffusion limitations of the starch inside the pores of the biocatalyst particles. A fifteen-fold increase in the Km was noticed, while the decrease of Vmax was only 30% (10.1 U mg^?1 protein and 7.03 U mg^?1 protein for free and immobilized preparations, respectively).